Step 1: Generate Stress/No-Stress Labels: We replace
the HR response variable with the binary variable Stress/No-Stress. For
that, we generate Stress/No-Stress labels for each 5 min interval based
on the HR values and the psycho-physiological definition of stress as
instantaneous hyperarousal. If normalized HR does not exhibit severe
deviations from normality, then anything to the right of mean could be
considered hyperarousal (and thus Stress). The remaining of the
distribution could be considered as No-Stress.
Step 2: Regress on Stress/No-Stress: Using the
Stress/No-Stress binary variable as the response variable, we run a
model that provides explanations for the sources of participant
stress.
Age and BMI Descriptive
Statistics
Physical Acitvity (PA)
Per Participant & Day
Frequencies of
Sedentary Activities Per Day and Participant
## , , = CD
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 133 0 10
## T002 131 41 0
## T003 137 5 10
## T004 147 3 12
## T005 109 17 16
## T006 74 42 0
## T007 128 1 5
## T008 61 27 20
## T009 59 10 0
## T010 100 0 11
## T011 100 11 10
## T012 68 87 19
## T014 99 30 0
## T015 87 26 6
## T016 105 42 4
## T017 131 0 0
## T018 74 31 0
## T019 66 18 50
## T020 136 14 31
## T021 38 82 40
## T022 149 51 0
## T023 159 1 15
## T024 119 11 0
## T025 127 13 35
##
## , , = WD
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 162 35 0
## T002 88 145 23
## T003 109 34 150
## T004 344 16 8
## T005 148 119 69
## T006 194 54 38
## T007 187 29 73
## T008 195 16 18
## T009 254 8 0
## T010 164 64 16
## T011 82 18 43
## T012 75 75 10
## T014 145 122 13
## T015 211 50 19
## T016 196 55 15
## T017 96 42 20
## T018 184 57 15
## T019 106 184 20
## T020 232 25 20
## T021 103 85 63
## T022 169 143 0
## T023 199 57 52
## T024 191 29 38
## T025 223 67 86
##
## , , = ND
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 0 117 4
## T002 0 122 0
## T003 0 109 10
## T004 0 160 8
## T005 0 103 21
## T006 0 76 15
## T007 0 117 0
## T008 0 87 6
## T009 0 80 0
## T010 0 98 0
## T011 0 118 19
## T012 0 98 7
## T014 0 111 43
## T015 0 161 13
## T016 0 152 0
## T017 0 52 4
## T018 0 117 5
## T019 0 168 6
## T020 0 91 23
## T021 0 109 29
## T022 0 98 0
## T023 0 112 15
## T024 0 95 0
## T025 0 141 0
Distrubution of NHR in
Sedentary Activities

Viz of Stress
Distribution and QQ Plots for T025
PA_Percent Plot

Big 5 Box Plots

Cadence PDF
Profession and Gender
Plot


NASA Mental Demand
Plot
##
## Descriptive statistics by group
## group: CD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.5 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 1.00 0.00 1.0 1.0 0.00 1 1 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 28.88 20.24 27.5 28.1 25.95 2 65 63 0.21
## N_MD 4 24 10.67 5.74 11.5 10.8 6.67 1 19 18 -0.20
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.4 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.34 4.13
## N_MD -1.35 1.17
## Profession -1.98 0.10
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: WD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 45 12.47 7.21 13 12.46 8.90 1 24 23 0.01
## Day 2 45 2.00 0.00 2 2.00 0.00 2 2 0 NaN
## Date 3 45 30.51 21.57 34 29.89 31.13 1 69 68 0.13
## N_MD 4 45 8.00 4.40 8 7.68 5.93 2 17 15 0.52
## Profession 5 45 1.44 0.50 1 1.43 0.00 1 2 1 0.22
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.37 1.07
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.39 3.21
## N_MD -0.92 0.66
## Profession -2.00 0.07
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: ND
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.50 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.00 0.00 3 3 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 32.08 21.15 31.5 31.35 27.43 4 68 64 0.18
## N_MD 4 24 4.88 4.77 3.0 4.15 1.48 1 16 15 1.39
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.40 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.36 4.32
## N_MD 0.51 0.97
## Profession -1.98 0.10

NASA Physical Demand
Plot
##
## Descriptive statistics by group
## group: CD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.50 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 1.00 0.00 1.0 1.00 0.00 1 1 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 28.88 20.24 27.5 28.15 25.95 2 65 63 0.21
## N_PD 4 24 7.46 5.34 5.0 6.95 3.71 2 18 16 0.78
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.40 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.34 4.13
## N_PD -0.88 1.09
## Profession -1.98 0.10
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: WD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 45 12.47 7.21 13 12.46 8.90 1 24 23 0.01
## Day 2 45 2.00 0.00 2 2.00 0.00 2 2 0 NaN
## Date 3 45 30.51 21.57 34 29.89 31.13 1 69 68 0.13
## N_PD 4 45 5.44 3.70 4 4.92 2.97 1 16 15 1.28
## Profession 5 45 1.44 0.50 1 1.43 0.00 1 2 1 0.22
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.37 1.07
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.39 3.21
## N_PD 1.19 0.55
## Profession -2.00 0.07
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: ND
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.5 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.0 0.00 3 3 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 32.08 21.15 31.5 31.4 27.43 4 68 64 0.18
## N_PD 4 24 4.67 3.25 4.0 4.3 2.22 1 15 14 1.37
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.4 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.36 4.32
## N_PD 1.86 0.66
## Profession -1.98 0.10

NASA Temporal Demand
Plot

NASA Effort Plot

NASA Frustration
Plot

Sleep Duration
PDF

mCadence Plot

mCadence Box Plot

EDA Plots

Correlation Plot
Remove
Conscientiousness from the Model
## Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace
## Approximation) [glmerMod]
## Family: binomial ( logit )
## Formula: NHR_Stress ~ Cadence + Day * Period + Activity4 + Day * PA_Percent *
## PA_Intensity + Sleep_Time + Profession + N_MD + N_PD + N_P +
## Agreeableness + Extraversion + Neuroticism + Openness + (1 |
## Participant)
## Data: df_sedentMultimodal
##
## AIC BIC logLik deviance df.resid
## 12573 12782 -6259 12517 12680
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -13.297 -0.608 -0.249 0.633 6.954
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## Participant (Intercept) 1.18 1.09
## Number of obs: 12708, groups: Participant, 24
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -6.64120 2.55185 -2.60 0.0093 **
## Cadence 0.13493 0.00402 33.58 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD 4.36338 0.73592 5.93 3.0e-09 ***
## DayND 8.47634 0.66333 12.78 < 2e-16 ***
## PeriodAfternoon 0.54792 0.09454 5.80 6.8e-09 ***
## Activity4NonWork -0.78169 0.06961 -11.23 < 2e-16 ***
## Activity4Driving -0.06845 0.07928 -0.86 0.3879
## PA_Percent 0.64328 0.04662 13.80 < 2e-16 ***
## PA_Intensity 0.18436 0.01576 11.70 < 2e-16 ***
## Sleep_Time -0.06068 0.02500 -2.43 0.0152 *
## ProfessionSP 0.77390 0.49995 1.55 0.1216
## N_MD 0.09068 0.00903 10.04 < 2e-16 ***
## N_PD 0.08840 0.00920 9.61 < 2e-16 ***
## N_P 0.01460 0.00666 2.19 0.0284 *
## Agreeableness 0.11861 0.14430 0.82 0.4111
## Extraversion -0.29982 0.15085 -1.99 0.0469 *
## Neuroticism -0.11865 0.17234 -0.69 0.4912
## Openness -0.17977 0.15522 -1.16 0.2468
## DayWD:PeriodAfternoon -0.36856 0.11605 -3.18 0.0015 **
## DayND:PeriodAfternoon -0.66979 0.14423 -4.64 3.4e-06 ***
## DayWD:PA_Percent -0.40642 0.05665 -7.17 7.2e-13 ***
## DayND:PA_Percent -0.49674 0.05305 -9.36 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD:PA_Intensity -0.10871 0.01867 -5.82 5.8e-09 ***
## DayND:PA_Intensity -0.20678 0.01709 -12.10 < 2e-16 ***
## PA_Percent:PA_Intensity -0.01687 0.00116 -14.54 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity 0.00961 0.00138 6.94 3.9e-12 ***
## DayND:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity 0.01462 0.00130 11.26 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## optimizer (Nelder_Mead) convergence code: 0 (OK)
## Model failed to converge with max|grad| = 0.612856 (tol = 0.002, component 1)
## Model is nearly unidentifiable: very large eigenvalue
## - Rescale variables?
## Model is nearly unidentifiable: large eigenvalue ratio
## - Rescale variables?
|
Observations
|
12708
|
|
Dependent variable
|
NHR_Stress
|
|
Type
|
Mixed effects generalized linear model
|
|
Family
|
binomial
|
|
Link
|
logit
|
|
AIC
|
12573.3571
|
|
BIC
|
12781.9568
|
|
Pseudo-R² (fixed effects)
|
0.3532
|
|
Pseudo-R² (total)
|
0.5244
|
|
Fixed Effects
|
|
|
Est.
|
S.E.
|
z val.
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
-6.6412
|
2.5519
|
-2.6025
|
0.0093
|
|
Cadence
|
0.1349
|
0.0040
|
33.5809
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD
|
4.3634
|
0.7359
|
5.9291
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND
|
8.4763
|
0.6633
|
12.7785
|
0.0000
|
|
PeriodAfternoon
|
0.5479
|
0.0945
|
5.7956
|
0.0000
|
|
Activity4NonWork
|
-0.7817
|
0.0696
|
-11.2291
|
0.0000
|
|
Activity4Driving
|
-0.0685
|
0.0793
|
-0.8635
|
0.3879
|
|
PA_Percent
|
0.6433
|
0.0466
|
13.7987
|
0.0000
|
|
PA_Intensity
|
0.1844
|
0.0158
|
11.6957
|
0.0000
|
|
Sleep_Time
|
-0.0607
|
0.0250
|
-2.4274
|
0.0152
|
|
ProfessionSP
|
0.7739
|
0.5000
|
1.5479
|
0.1216
|
|
N_MD
|
0.0907
|
0.0090
|
10.0424
|
0.0000
|
|
N_PD
|
0.0884
|
0.0092
|
9.6052
|
0.0000
|
|
N_P
|
0.0146
|
0.0067
|
2.1923
|
0.0284
|
|
Agreeableness
|
0.1186
|
0.1443
|
0.8219
|
0.4111
|
|
Extraversion
|
-0.2998
|
0.1509
|
-1.9876
|
0.0469
|
|
Neuroticism
|
-0.1186
|
0.1723
|
-0.6885
|
0.4912
|
|
Openness
|
-0.1798
|
0.1552
|
-1.1582
|
0.2468
|
|
DayWD:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.3686
|
0.1161
|
-3.1758
|
0.0015
|
|
DayND:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.6698
|
0.1442
|
-4.6439
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD:PA_Percent
|
-0.4064
|
0.0566
|
-7.1747
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND:PA_Percent
|
-0.4967
|
0.0531
|
-9.3630
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD:PA_Intensity
|
-0.1087
|
0.0187
|
-5.8215
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND:PA_Intensity
|
-0.2068
|
0.0171
|
-12.0989
|
0.0000
|
|
PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
-0.0169
|
0.0012
|
-14.5354
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
0.0096
|
0.0014
|
6.9399
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
0.0146
|
0.0013
|
11.2566
|
0.0000
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
Group
|
Parameter
|
Std. Dev.
|
|
Participant
|
(Intercept)
|
1.0900
|
|
Grouping Variables
|
|
Group
|
# groups
|
ICC
|
|
Participant
|
24
|
0.2647
|
Optimal and Scaled
Model
## Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace
## Approximation) [glmerMod]
## Family: binomial ( logit )
## Formula:
## NHR_Stress ~ s_Cadence + Day * Period + Activity4 + Day * s_PA_Percent *
## s_PA_Intensity + s_Sleep_Time + Profession + s_N_MD + s_N_PD +
## s_N_P + s_Agreeableness + s_Extraversion + s_Neuroticism +
## s_Openness + (1 | Participant)
## Data: df_sedentMultimodal
##
## AIC BIC logLik deviance df.resid
## 12573 12782 -6259 12517 12680
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -13.296 -0.608 -0.249 0.633 6.955
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## Participant (Intercept) 1.18 1.09
## Number of obs: 12708, groups: Participant, 24
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -0.7764 0.3167 -2.45 0.0142 *
## s_Cadence 0.9420 0.0281 33.58 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD -0.2166 0.0988 -2.19 0.0283 *
## DayND 1.3800 0.1405 9.82 < 2e-16 ***
## PeriodAfternoon 0.5482 0.0945 5.80 6.5e-09 ***
## Activity4NonWork -0.7817 0.0696 -11.23 < 2e-16 ***
## Activity4Driving -0.0684 0.0793 -0.86 0.3884
## s_PA_Percent 0.2893 0.0642 4.50 6.7e-06 ***
## s_PA_Intensity -0.0177 0.0657 -0.27 0.7877
## s_Sleep_Time -0.0928 0.0382 -2.43 0.0152 *
## ProfessionSP 0.7743 0.4995 1.55 0.1211
## s_N_MD 0.4721 0.0470 10.04 < 2e-16 ***
## s_N_PD 0.3489 0.0363 9.61 < 2e-16 ***
## s_N_P 0.0698 0.0319 2.19 0.0285 *
## s_Agreeableness 0.2090 0.2528 0.83 0.4084
## s_Extraversion -0.5591 0.2774 -2.02 0.0439 *
## s_Neuroticism -0.1907 0.2723 -0.70 0.4837
## s_Openness -0.3048 0.2589 -1.18 0.2392
## DayWD:PeriodAfternoon -0.3690 0.1160 -3.18 0.0015 **
## DayND:PeriodAfternoon -0.6703 0.1441 -4.65 3.3e-06 ***
## DayWD:s_PA_Percent -0.4303 0.0867 -4.96 7.0e-07 ***
## DayND:s_PA_Percent 0.1514 0.0881 1.72 0.0859 .
## DayWD:s_PA_Intensity -0.0224 0.0866 -0.26 0.7960
## DayND:s_PA_Intensity -0.3932 0.0902 -4.36 1.3e-05 ***
## s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity -0.9732 0.0682 -14.27 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity 0.5549 0.0812 6.83 8.2e-12 ***
## DayND:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity 0.8440 0.0765 11.03 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## optimizer (Nelder_Mead) convergence code: 0 (OK)
## Model failed to converge with max|grad| = 0.00221052 (tol = 0.002, component 1)
|
Observations
|
12708
|
|
Dependent variable
|
NHR_Stress
|
|
Type
|
Mixed effects generalized linear model
|
|
Family
|
binomial
|
|
Link
|
logit
|
|
AIC
|
12573.3561
|
|
BIC
|
12781.9558
|
|
Pseudo-R² (fixed effects)
|
0.3534
|
|
Pseudo-R² (total)
|
0.5245
|
|
Fixed Effects
|
|
|
Est.
|
2.5%
|
97.5%
|
z val.
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
-0.7764
|
-1.3971
|
-0.1558
|
-2.4518
|
0.0142
|
|
s_Cadence
|
0.9420
|
0.8870
|
0.9969
|
33.5759
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD
|
-0.2166
|
-0.4103
|
-0.0230
|
-2.1925
|
0.0283
|
|
DayND
|
1.3800
|
1.1046
|
1.6554
|
9.8210
|
0.0000
|
|
PeriodAfternoon
|
0.5482
|
0.3630
|
0.7334
|
5.8022
|
0.0000
|
|
Activity4NonWork
|
-0.7817
|
-0.9181
|
-0.6452
|
-11.2296
|
0.0000
|
|
Activity4Driving
|
-0.0684
|
-0.2238
|
0.0870
|
-0.8625
|
0.3884
|
|
s_PA_Percent
|
0.2893
|
0.1634
|
0.4152
|
4.5035
|
0.0000
|
|
s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.0177
|
-0.1465
|
0.1111
|
-0.2693
|
0.7877
|
|
s_Sleep_Time
|
-0.0928
|
-0.1676
|
-0.0179
|
-2.4287
|
0.0152
|
|
ProfessionSP
|
0.7743
|
-0.2048
|
1.7534
|
1.5500
|
0.1211
|
|
s_N_MD
|
0.4721
|
0.3800
|
0.5642
|
10.0420
|
0.0000
|
|
s_N_PD
|
0.3489
|
0.2777
|
0.4201
|
9.6054
|
0.0000
|
|
s_N_P
|
0.0698
|
0.0073
|
0.1323
|
2.1900
|
0.0285
|
|
s_Agreeableness
|
0.2090
|
-0.2864
|
0.7044
|
0.8268
|
0.4084
|
|
s_Extraversion
|
-0.5591
|
-1.1028
|
-0.0154
|
-2.0155
|
0.0439
|
|
s_Neuroticism
|
-0.1907
|
-0.7244
|
0.3430
|
-0.7004
|
0.4837
|
|
s_Openness
|
-0.3048
|
-0.8123
|
0.2027
|
-1.1771
|
0.2392
|
|
DayWD:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.3690
|
-0.5963
|
-0.1417
|
-3.1814
|
0.0015
|
|
DayND:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.6703
|
-0.9527
|
-0.3878
|
-4.6506
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Percent
|
-0.4303
|
-0.6003
|
-0.2603
|
-4.9620
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Percent
|
0.1514
|
-0.0214
|
0.3241
|
1.7177
|
0.0859
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.0224
|
-0.1921
|
0.1473
|
-0.2586
|
0.7960
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.3932
|
-0.5699
|
-0.2165
|
-4.3613
|
0.0000
|
|
s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.9732
|
-1.1069
|
-0.8395
|
-14.2684
|
0.0000
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
0.5549
|
0.3958
|
0.7140
|
6.8342
|
0.0000
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
0.8440
|
0.6940
|
0.9940
|
11.0275
|
0.0000
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
Group
|
Parameter
|
Std. Dev.
|
|
Participant
|
(Intercept)
|
1.0900
|
|
Grouping Variables
|
|
Group
|
# groups
|
ICC
|
|
Participant
|
24
|
0.2646
|